New Sequences and Connections Illuminate the Riemann Hypothesis

Exploring New Mathematical Frameworks

Recent research introduces several mathematical frameworks that offer fresh perspectives on the Riemann Hypothesis. These frameworks, detailed in the paper arXiv:cea-01696126v1, involve modified sequences related to the Keiper-Li constants, properties of completed L-functions, and asymptotic analysis.

Discretized Keiper Sequences and L-Functions

A central element is the introduction of discretized sequences, generalizing the Keiper-Li constants. For odd characters χ, these sequences are defined via logarithmic sums involving the completed L-function ξχ(x). The general form involves sums like:

• Sum over m=1 to n of (-1)^m * A_nm^odd * log[1/ξχ(1) * ξχ(2m+1)]

These sequences offer a potentially more direct computational probe for the hypothesis compared to traditional methods.

Functional Equation and Symmetry

The research leverages the fundamental functional equation of the completed L-function ξχ(x), which relates its value at x to its value at 1-x. This symmetry around the critical line (Re(x) = 1/2) is crucial. The definition involves the Gamma function and the L-function Lχ(x):

• ξχ(x) is defined using a factor involving (π/d)^(-x/2), Gamma((x+b)/2), and Lχ(x), satisfying ξχ(x) = ξχ(1-x).

Understanding how the new discretized sequences interact with this symmetry is a key research direction.

Asymptotic Behavior and Zero Locations

The paper discusses the asymptotic behavior of these sequences under the assumption that the Riemann Hypothesis is false. It suggests that if zeros exist off the critical line, this would manifest as a specific asymptotic pattern in the sequences. Conversely, the positivity of related coefficients (like the original Li coefficients λ_n) for n up to T_0^2 implies that all zeros with imaginary part up to T_0 lie on the critical line.

Novel Research Approaches

Combining these frameworks with existing knowledge suggests potent new research pathways.

Refined Asymptotic Analysis of Sequences

A detailed analysis of the asymptotic behavior of the discretized sequences could reveal the presence of off-critical-line zeros. The hypothesis is that a zero ρ' = σ + it with σ > 1/2 would induce an oscillatory term in the sequence behavior, proportional to n^(σ - 1/2) * cos(t * log(n) + phase). Rigorously deriving this relationship and establishing lower bounds on the amplitude of this oscillation are critical steps. Computational analysis of high-precision sequence values could then test for these predicted oscillations.

Connecting Discretized Sequences to Positivity Criteria

Li's criterion links the Riemann Hypothesis to the positivity of a sequence of coefficients λ_n. Investigating the precise mathematical relationship between these λ_n and the new discretized sequences Λ_n is essential. The goal is to determine if the positivity of λ_n implies a similar, perhaps weaker, positivity or specific behavior in Λ_n, or if a lack of positivity in Λ_n could directly contradict the hypothesis.

Tangential Connections

The structures encountered suggest formal connections to other areas of mathematics and physics.

Link to Random Matrix Theory (RMT)

The statistical distribution of Riemann zeta function zeros is conjectured to match that of eigenvalues of random matrices from the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE). A tangential connection could involve exploring if the discretized sequences Λ_n can be related to quantities arising in RMT, such as traces of matrix powers. Conjectures could be formulated comparing the statistical properties of Λ_n to those predicted by RMT.

Connections in Quantum Chaos

The zeta function appears as a spectral determinant in the study of quantum chaotic systems. Exploring a formal mathematical bridge between the discretized sequences and properties of quantum chaotic systems, such as the density of states or energy level distributions, could yield new insights. This might involve formulating conjectures relating Λ_n to spectral properties.

Detailed Research Agenda

A focused research agenda would prioritize establishing rigorous analytical results for the new sequences.

Key Conjectures:

• If the Riemann Hypothesis is true, the discretized sequences Λ_n converge to log(n) + C plus a rapidly decaying error term.
• If the Riemann Hypothesis is false, the sequences Λ_n exhibit specific oscillatory behavior determined by the imaginary parts of off-critical-line zeros.
• There is a direct, provable link between the positivity of Li's coefficients λ_n and the behavior of the discretized sequences Λ_n.

Required Tools and Techniques:

• Complex analysis (Mellin transforms, contour integration).
• Asymptotic analysis (saddle point, stationary phase).
• Number theory (L-functions, properties of zeta zeros).
• Potentially functional analysis and techniques from RMT/Quantum Chaos.

Intermediate Results:

• Derive explicit integral representations for the discretized sequences.
• Establish initial bounds on their growth rates under different assumptions on zero locations.
• Develop precise formulas for the coefficients A_nm^odd.

Sequence of Theorems:

1. Prove the asymptotic formula for Λ_n assuming RH is true, including explicit error bounds.
2. Prove the asymptotic formula for Λ_n assuming RH is false, quantifying the contribution of off-critical-line zeros.
3. Prove the conjectured link between λ_n positivity and Λ_n behavior.
4. Combine these results to establish an equivalence or contradiction based on the properties of Λ_n.

Simplified Examples:

Begin by analyzing the sequences in simplified scenarios, such as for characters χ with small conductor d, or hypothetically assuming only a single zero off the critical line to isolate its effect on the sequence's behavior.